The 2nd largest tributory of ganga under grip of extinction
The Yamuna River, a lifeline for millions in India, is grappling with severe pollution that threatens its very existence. Stretching over 1,376 kilometers, it is the second-largest tributary of the Ganga and holds profound cultural and economic significance. However, rapid urbanization, industrialization, and population growth have led to its alarming degradation.
Current State of the Yamuna River
In recent years, the Yamuna has been plagued by toxic foam, particularly evident during festivals like Chhath Puja. This foam results from the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents, leading to a frothy layer on the river’s surface. Despite warnings about the health risks, many Hindu devotees continue to perform rituals in its polluted waters.
Yamuna River has almost no fresh water downstream of Wajirabad barrage in Delhi except monsoon season. There is a critical path of 22 km of river Yamuna in Delhi where 18 major drains discharge into River Yamuna.

Picture credit : ZEE Business
Yamuna River has almost no fresh water downstream of Wajirabad barrage in Delhi except monsoon season. There is a critical path of 22 km of river Yamuna in Delhi where 18 major drains discharges into River Yamuna.
As per the Delhi Pollution Control Committee’s (DPCC) report of January 2021, estimated sewage generation in Delhi is about 3273 million liters per day (MLD) (720 MGD), while installed sewage treatment capacity is about 2715 MLD (597 MGD), out of which about 2432 MLD (535 MGD) sewage is being treated in Delhi. Thus, about 941 MLD (185 MGD) of sewage is finding its way into rivers through various drains. Besides, 13 Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) of 212 MLD capacity exist for 17 industrial clusters in Delhi and as per the report, all these CETPs are non-compliant.
The river’s pollution is so severe that in certain stretches, particularly between Wazirabad and Okhla in Delhi—a mere 2% of the river’s length—it accounts for nearly 80% of its total pollution. This section has become ecologically dead, unable to support aquatic life.
Primary Causes of Yamuna River Pollution
1. Industrial Discharge
Numerous factories along the Yamuna’s banks release untreated industrial waste directly into the river. These effluents contain harmful chemicals and heavy metals, significantly deteriorating water quality.
2. Untreated Sewage
A significant portion of Delhi’s sewage—over 3,500 million liters daily—is dumped into the Yamuna. Despite existing sewage treatment plants, more than half of this waste remains untreated or inadequately treated, flowing directly into the river.
3. Agricultural Runoff
The use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture leads to runoff that carries these chemicals into the Yamuna, contributing to nutrient pollution and eutrophication.
4. Religious Practices
The immersion of idols made from non-biodegradable materials and plaster of Paris during festivals adds to the river’s pollution load. These materials do not dissolve easily and release harmful substances into the water.
Speculations and Future Outlook
Environmentalists argue that the lack of political will and urgency in implementing effective solutions exacerbates the Yamuna’s plight. Many experts emphasize that despite numerous plans and funds allocated, there has been minimal action on the ground to clean the river.
The situation has also led to political disputes, with accusations about contamination from neighboring states. Furthermore, the declining health of the Yamuna has far-reaching implications. In Agra, the river’s pollution has been linked to damage to the Taj Mahal, with reports of the white marble turning yellow and green due to the filthy air and polluted water.
Potential Solutions
Addressing the Yamuna’s pollution requires a multifaceted approach:
- Upgrading Sewage Treatment: Enhancing the capacity and efficiency of sewage treatment plants to ensure that all wastewater is adequately treated before being discharged.
- Strict Industrial Regulation: Implementing stringent regulations to prevent industries from discharging untreated waste into the river, coupled with regular monitoring and hefty penalties for non-compliance.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: educating the public about the consequences of river pollution and promoting eco-friendly practices during religious and cultural events.
- Afforestation and Riverbank Restoration: Planting trees and restoring natural vegetation along the riverbanks can help filter pollutants and prevent soil erosion.
End Note
The Yamuna River’s plight is a stark reminder of the environmental challenges posed by rapid development and urbanization. Immediate and sustained action is essential to restore this vital waterway to its former glory and ensure the health and well-being of the millions who depend on it.